Category Archives: Internal Medicine

All Gender Cardiology

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I am giving a webinar this week to a group of cardiologists on all gender cardiology. Spoiler alert, there is no difference between cis and trans gender heart health. The differences lay in access to health care, stereotypes about hormone therapy, and minority stress. For cardiology, once you have a sick heart, regular physician follow up is crucial to your care – multiple medications are sometimes needed to improve or preserve heart function and imaging is needed over a lifetime to track structure and function. If a person does not feel safe at their cardiologist’s office because they are constantly called the wrong name or experience microaggressions about their body, that person will avoid going back or drop out of care all together. Therefore, the first and most important point of all gender cardiology is creating a safe medical home with dedicated staff and physician training in transgender and gender diverse specific health care.

Documentation matters. Medical charts are living documents of a patients experience and how we represent someone matters both for the patient and for all the people who read the document. Safety, Dignity and Respect are basic human rights which are not always upheld for gender diverse individuals, even in a doctors office. Do not be afraid to ask an individual what terms, names, pronouns they would like used in their chart. Asking is consent and consent is powerful. Some terms have fallen out of favor over the last 2 decades that I frequently hear used in the hospital such as Male-to-Female (MTF) and Female-to-Male (FTM). These have been replaced with assigned gender at birth attached to current gender presentation, or just gender presentation. Assigned gender at birth includes Assigned Female at Birth (AFAB) and Assigned Male at Birth (AMAB.) These can be helpful in a medical setting bc they may signify reproductive organs present ( or they may not depending on surgical interventions.) Some gender diverse folks feel passionately against AMAB/AFAB as well because they focus more on the assigned birth gender than the current gender. Therefore, in documentation, either ask the patient how they would like to be represented, or consider using a hybrid like AMAB transwoman, or just transwoman in your notes.

Cardiology and IM are frequently consulted for assessment prior to surgery. Treat gender diverse folks the same as you would anyone else. For a long time gender affirming hormones were stopped prior to surgery, especially estrogen for transfeminine patients due to the heightened risk of venous thromboembolism. This practice is no longer recommended. We would not put a cisgender person on hormone blocking agents for a surgery; therefore, stopping all hormone treatment for transgender individuals does not make sense. In fact, continuation of hormone treatment is beneficial for withdrawal prevention, mental health and for prevention of side effects of hypogonadism including osteoporosis. Continue the current therapy through surgery and risk stratify/ treat perioperatively as you would any other patient with RCRI, MINS screening and DVT prophylaxis.

For more on gender and plastic surgery see this collection of 11 special topics on gender surgery from the Journal of the American Society of Plastic surgeons.

“Hontscharuk and Schecter assemble the most
comprehensive review of literature from plastic sur-
gery, gynecology, and endocrinology to consider the
risk profile of transgender hormones and surgical
venous thromboembolism. One surprise of their
well-sourced study is that the risk of perioperative
estradiol may be lower than commonly thought.
High rates in early series are attributed to the use
of oral ethinyl estradiol and high doses, with newer
regimens showing lower rates. One area where the
literature is limited, however, is in quantifying cur-
rent practices in hormone cessation. In a survey of
six high-volume vaginaplasty centers (unpublished
data), all surgeons still stopped estradiol 2 to 4 weeks
before surgery.”

Ok, now we can finally start talking about the heart and gender affirming hormones, starting with testosterone. This topic applies to anyone who has testosterone including cisgender men but is specifically for transmen and nonbinary people using testosterone. As the rise of ‘andropause” or mens antiaging medicine came into the public eye, the medical assumption was that because men had more cardiovascular disease (CVD) and men had testosterone, therefore testosterone increased heart disease risk. This was pure conjecture and has not held up in any evidence based investigations. A 2014 JAMA article was published from VA data-mining that stated that hypogonadal men starting testosterone had increased risk of MI, with the declaration that therefore testosterone was not indicated in anyone with increased cardiac risk or cardiac disease. The article was quickly retracted and amended as the data was corrupted (multiple patients with MI’s had not started the testosterone, ciswomen not on testosterone were included in the MI population.) The damage was done, and many people still believe the false claims a decade later.

Testosterone therapy is vital for gender diverse patients who need masculinization. Even if it did carry a CVD risk, the beneficial effect of mental and physical wellness for gender congruence would be worth the possible risk. Because of its importance in transgender medicine, this is an ongoing hot topic of research to better understand the nuances and possible risks of testosterone therapy.

“A large 2018 case control study from several US centers that used 10:1 cisgender matched controls found no statistically significant difference in rates of MI or stroke between transgender women and cisgender men, a rates of MI, stroke, or venous thromboembolism (VTE) between transgender men and cisgender men or women. There was a statistically significant hazard ratio of 1.9 for VTE among transgender women when compared with cisgender men.” CH 15 WPATH SOC

The relationship between testosterone and trans health is important enough that the American Heart Association investigated and released a scientific statement in 2021, because trans and gender diverse folks of all genders HAVE consistently had worse cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than age matched peers.

The bottom line ” Mounting research has revealed that cardiovascular risk factors at the individual level likely do not fully account for increased risk in cardiovascular health disparities among people who are TGD. Excess cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is hypothesized to be driven in part by psychosocial stressors across the lifespan at multiple levels, including structural violence (eg, discrimination, affordable housing, access to health care). ”

However, in the anti-aging and cisgender mens health community the question of cardiac safety with testosterone hormone replacement lingered. In 2015 after the original data debacle, the FDA required companies making approved testosterone products to participate in clinical trials to elucidate the evidence. The Testosterone Replacement Therapy for Assessment of Longterm Vascular Events and Efficacy Response in Hypogonadal Men (TRAVERSE) trial was created and just published in 2023.

Bottom line? Testosterone repletion to biological levels for cisgender men did not increase cardiovascular risk, with primary endpoints of the study being first occurrence of any component of a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. A secondary cardiovascular end point was the first occurrence of any component of the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or coronary revascularization, assessed in a time-to-event analysis.

Testosterone HAS been repeatedly shown to decrease HDL, the protective scavenging cholesterol and increase triglycerides. It evidences variable effects on total cholesterol and LDL . This could be a piece of the puzzle for increased CVD risk in trans men, but has not been definitively proven yet. Regardless, exercise is the best way to increase HDL in all genders, so as health care providers we need to continue motivational interviewing for active lifestyles, 150minutes of exercise weekly and lipid-conscious nutrition for all our patients including trans men.

So why are transmen more likely to have cardiovascular disease? The the answer is multifactoral and boils down to lifestyle and and health care access which crosses many intersections of class, and race, minority stress and more (which is another important conversation). Heart disease is a cumulative pathology. Unless one has a congenital heart condition, it takes decades of uncontrolled alcohol use, dysregulated blood sugar, nicotine toxicity, low nutrient and high fat foods and sedentary lifestyle to generate atherosclerotic coronary disease. Prevention is the best medicine for a healthy heart and vasculature, but prevention also means having a doctor to work with for things like blood work and blood pressure measurement. If you are someone who has a bad experience in the medical world, or worse, someone who is denied care due to your gender or sexuality, that person will often have worse outcomes with age.

TBC in the next post – ESTRADIOL! – because this one is getting long!

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Pronouns et al

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I had the good fortune to be profiled in Society for Hospital Medicine’s LGBT postings this June 2023 as part of Pride Month. I was interviewed early in the Spring and received a preview of the article. The journalist stated that I did pronoun advocacy work and received the Diversity and Equity Award for my Residency class for pronoun work in the EMR. This is not true. The language from the first draft shifted just enough in the final version to have a different meaning. When I saw it in print I became VERY uncomfortable with the inaccuracy. I did not remember that point in the draft. I went back to the email exchange and indeed it was there from the beginning. It is strangely ironic that I would be highlighted as the pronoun advocate in medicine because of the very real pain that I have caused other people by mis-pronouning and misgendering them.

Although I have been involved in trans health advocacy since 2003 I have made many mistakes over the past two decades. In 2013 I gave a talk at the Philadelphia Health Conference that was disastrous; I horribly publicly misgendered several people when calling on them for questions. In 2021 I dated someone that had several GenZ friends who used they/them pronouns and we all struggled with my default to binary pronouns in unthinking moments. Therefore, to have me championed as a pronoun advocate is more bitter than sweet.

I do prefer the gender affirming pronouns of they/themme for myself. I only allowed myself to come into these pronouns in 2021 after over a year (decade) of introspection and examination. The above GenZ folks as well as social media sites like @seedingsovereignty on Instagram helped me realize that even though I have lived most of my GenX life without language to describe my gender I am free to use whatever pronouns that feel most comfortable. I have them in my work signature but I have not pushed for them personally.

The Trans health work that I do includes peer to peer level discussions about language in documentation as many health care providers still use language from the 1990s. I provide trauma informed care for my patients of all genders, and have a special place in my heart for all gender nonconforming folks in health care settings. I work with administrative staff, creating education about the gender spectrum and experience of gender and sexual diverse individuals to create safe medical homes for LGBTTIQ2S folks. And, moving forward I am working to create Justice/Equity/Diversity/Inclusion community gatherings within internal Medicine to lift the voices of Black, Indigenous and Trans physicians towards leadership roles as these are the least represented identities in medicine (and therefore the most needed.)

Masina Wright in 2023
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Intermittent Starving vs Fasting

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My IG and twitter feeds keep sending me promoted ads for intermittent fasting and young thin women in my Internal Medicine residency program keep telling me they are doing it. As someone with an inherent red flag signal for anorexia and eating disorders, I am triggered. As someone with a 4 year nutrition degree and as a gal raised with a spiritual practice of fasting, I do understand the value behind the concept. The problems start when restriction/binging/restriction patterns are overlayed on the foundational evidence.

This is the best nutritional protocol and evidence I found to implement intermittent fasting into a food plan for weight loss or for longevity. There is good reasoning and practice behind the idea that the liver stores glycogen for storage, and that this “immediate use” supply needs to be used up before the body creates new glucose from adipose cells and muscle. This is reasonable: fasting uses up the supplies . Then fasting decreases fat or muscle from stores.

Some fasting articles I’ve read suggest 16 hours between eating every day. This sounds alot like the “don’t eat food after 7” rule that has quite a few generations of folks waking up covered in cookies from night eating.

Some articles suggest 16 hours between meals twice a week. This seems more reasonable to me as it allows for some pre-planning to have restful, quiet time during the fasting period. Our human bodies are not designed to “run on empty.” I grew up in a yoga community where fasting was part of the practice towards enlightenment, but work was not done during the fast. One’s time in the fasting state is to be spent meditating, reflecting, and processing (like while we sleep.) Yoga is also an acceptable practice during this time as it stimulates glands and organs as well as the musculoskeletal body to return to homeostasis. Fasting is designed as a parasympathetic state to rebalance CYP liver enzymes and clear the intestines. Pushing through fasting with sympathetic, highly motivated activity like mental or physical labor requires the adrenal glands to overachieve and drive metabolism through adrenaline and sheer will aka cortisol.

The one place where hard work on a fasting belly IS indicated is for anyone looking to lower insulin resistance by using the biochemistry of exercise. This could be someone requiring huge doses of insulin for only moderate blood glucose control, or someone trying to beat type 2 diabetes in the pre-diabetic state. Exercising on an empty stomach is one of the few ways to upregulate cellular receptors called GLUT_4 for insulin to bring blood sugar into cells. I have tried this and its oddly satisfying. Nerd out on biochemistry and GLUT-4 here.

I don’t intermittent fast intentionally myself. Some weekend days I wont eat food until 2-3 in the afternoon, just based on my natural appetite; however, I do have black coffee and water and sometimes juice during that time. To be my best self, I need frequent and regular fuel to keep this brain and body going for the intense work weeks I do. Not allowing myself to eat when I am hungry in not helpful for my mental health either – not only do I get edgy or feel anxious, my own disordered eating and body dysmorphia can easily be motivated towards restrictive eating patterns.

Aside from mental health, some people also have genetic metabolic imbalances if their lineage experienced a traumatic food restriction. This has been researched in Irish descendants as well as Jewish folks. Caloric restriction can actually trigger a survival metabolism where minimal resources are burned and every morsel of fat possible is stored. This is ancestral trauma that has caused permanent alterations in the genome that get triggered by environmental circumstances.

The science is compelling: improved metabolism, destruction of cancer cells, immune regulation, cortisol balancing, cellular rejuvenation…. benefits are numerous!

Here is what I would do if I was either doing a period of cleansing/detox and intentionally working on restoring health or if I was committed to a defined period of intentional weight loss (8 months from this algorithm.)

  1. Style 1: two mornings a week, fast until 12-1pm depending on your 16 hour window. On these mornings drink warm water, organic green tea or herbal tea, stretch and do yoga or go for a gentle walk, get into nature, rest/ meditate, write or reflect. Eat a Mediterranean style diet the remainder of the time.
  2. Style 2: For a more intensive weight loss experience, follow the algorithm for 2 days a week of restricted caloric intake from the JAMA article referenced at the beginning of this post. I would not also follow the time restricted feeding patterns myself as I find this too rigid for modern life and overrides the natural appetite instincts which are essential. Eat a Mediterranean type diet or Paleo. Consider pairing this with the Whole 30 protocol or an elimination diet for true restorative food as medicine. Follow the above guidelines for your calorie restricted days with rest, nature, reflection, massage, acupuncture or other healing practices, whole organic foods, teas and water. Once you have completed month 4, return back up the protocol until you are back at full weekly caloric intake and reassess.
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Insulin Resistance

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Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas that helps cells to absorb glucose in the blood. When we eat a lot of sugar or carbs, there is a rush of glucose (sugar) absorbed into the bloodstream and the pancreas responds by releasing  insulin, signaling the cells to  allow the sugar in. When blood sugars dip low from chronic hunger or lack of food, there is very little insulin produced.

A lifetime of sugar rushes and sugar deficits can lead to Type II Diabetes, a blood sugar disorder that is characterized by insulin resistance. Insulin resistance happens when your cells stop being able to efficiently respond to the presence of insulin. Imagine you live next to a train track, or by a fire station. Eventually the constant trains or sirens become background noise – we stop hearing them out of habituation. Insulin resistance is kind of like this – chronically elevated blood glucose results in cellular apathy. Each little cell stops posting the GLUT4 receptors in the presence of insulin and the glucose cannot be absorbed. This results in a starvation state for the cells with an overabundant state in the blood, with resulting nerve damage from high blood sugar and cellular aging from nutritional deficit. Can you imagine how this could be improved with nutritional regulation of blood glucose?

The good news is it is possible to improve insulin sensitivity at a cellular level, especially at the pre-diabetes stage. The first step is to adjust your eating habits and diet. The chronically elevated blood glucose needs to stop happening as it is the flooding of the system and causing the habitual “resistance.” This can be achieved with high protein and vegetable meals with abundant healthy fats eaten every 6 hours or so.

Our cells like a slow, steady amount of glucose and insulin in the blood. The logic is as follows: protiens and fats and high fiber carbs like vegetables and grains break down slowly in the digestion, giving a slow steady stream of nutrients and building blocks. Processed carbs, sugar and fruits are broken down quickly and result in a rush of glucose. Therefore, to slow the rush of blood sugar one needs fiber, fat and protien present with each meal. This makes sense – it is always easier to handle any situation in life when things come at us in a moderate, orderly fashion. The microcosm is the macrocosm.

look up healthy fats and high protein foods!

The ginseng family including Panax Ginseng and American Ginseng are also used to lower blood sugar while increasing the ability to adapt to stress. This adaptogenic action exhibits effects across multiple endocrine organs including reproductive, adrenal and pancreas, making it a great herb for modern medicine. The ginsengs work at the plasma membrane level as well as improving steroid hormone receptor sites, which may explain their benefit and use in improving insulin resistance.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10571242. There are many other botanicals that have a history of use in blood sugar management including bilberry, cinnamon, gymnemna and more.

Vitamin and mineral deficiency can also worsen existing insulin resistance and exacerbate high blood sugar. The trace minerals chromium and vanadium are both cofactors in the glucose-insulin complex and deficiencies in either of these will worsen blood sugar issues. Chronic magnesium deficiency is also commonly found in people with insulin resistance. This could be due to a deficient dietary intake as magnesium is found in leafy green vegetables and broccoli as well as fish, raw nuts and seeds, avocados, bananas and dark chocolate.

Finally, high intensity, short-term exercise is essential for improving insulin resistance. This kind of exercise shifts metabolism into fuel-burning mode, instead of fuel saving mode. Being active multiple times a day is even better for shifting into glucose utilization mode and improving cell receptor activity. http://www.thebloodcode.com/type-2-diabetes-recovery-needs-daily-exercise/ . Exercise is the only thing that will independently stimulate individual cells to produce those Glut 4 insulin-regulated glucose transporters found primarily in fat and muscle cells, instantly improving insulin resistance and decreasing blood sugar.

In summary, insulin resistance is a complicated condition that is essential to address in the treatment of diabetes. Fundamental nutritional changes and lifestyle basics are essential starting points for anyone interested in improving blood sugar parameters and taking an empowered stance towards metabolic recovery.

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Well Hello

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Its been a long time since I have posted from the medical world of Dr Wright. I am now in Albuquerque New Mexico, Land of Enchantment and Liver Disease. So many dying ciswomen in their 30s suffering of liver failure here, and transwomen too. I have been pleased with the cultural competency for trans and non binary folk in this city so far!  My hospital’s respect for the transfolk and their pronouns I have seen come through the door at UNMH has been heartwarming. The work is never done, but the foundations are in place thanks to those who have done this work before me.

There are so many things I could write about  it feels overwhelming. Like

  • how does one deal with anxiety in a productive way that does not encourage substance use?
  • how much does good food really influence health
  • and
  • the value of death: vs life. what is a life well lived
  • what is a good death

As an internal medicine doctor I know part of my life is to facilitate death. This is the job of the warrior; and as a hospitalist  I tend to those as they fight in their own particular battlefield . I have been privileged to sit with Death, and she is a  mistress no one wants to see. And yet, often such a sweet gift.

I wish that hospital medicine could embrace healing meditations and buddhist lectures. Imagine folks watching these daily in their hospital beds instead of cooking shows and NCIS? These are a few of my faves:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=og4B2ZMP-uY

Anything by Pema Chodron as well: I look for ones longer than 45 minutes

I certainly haven’t mastered the art of effectively handling my own stress without turning to food, or alcohol, or any thing that distracts me from the what-feels-like intolerable levels of emotion building up inside. So, I have empathy for my patients that use this coping mechanism to get through their life. What is the difference that has me as a privileged white woman in my 40s still strong and healthy foundationally, vs their 30 year old bodies that are broken down by alcohol? Genetics is certainly a piece of it. The Navajo, Zuni and Pueblo folks here have what must be a genetic succeptibility to liver failure secondary to alcohol use disorder. They are too sick, too young, and too many of them to have it be environment alone.

I cant help but feel these women are carrying the trauma of generations of dominance, trauma and oppression and it is manifesting as this alcohol sickness – a genetic trait passed from white rapists to their progeny and concentrated in generation after generation. Tie that to poverty, a lack of fresh fruits and vegetables, and ongoing systemic depression and it makes complete sense that we have these women dying, daily, in our hospital.

It is a helpless feeling, this system oppression and individual illness. This is certainly a piece of the burnout of becoming a physician. We do our best to hold together the pieces of survival for each person, holding the hope, while also titrating the reality of recovery.

As a person very new to this state I have very little working knowledge of the cultural climate of health care here and even what resources are available. As a new resident and hospital based physician, I have basically no time to investigate and advocate for this community at the ground level. All I can do is hold the space for the sickest of the sick and even in that I don’t have time to be present for their stories or their traumas.

Dandelion and Milk thistle, turmeric are not native botanicals to this part of the country, so I doubt they are used in traditional medicines?  I wonder how much early liver protection with these herbs, as well as anger management, trauma based care, and other integrative therapies could be used to protect and heal the liver in the teens and twenties for these folks? My acupuncturist said New Mexico is the land of wind, and heat, both properties of the liver meridian. This would argue for an environmental component to the imbalance as well. Food, Water, Emotions, Genetics, Trauma, Environment, Substances – so many nuances to health and to disease. And I, as a doctor, am depressed with the minimal amount of time I have to explore these facets with each individual that may lend insight into prevention before these women end up in our hospital beds.

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Rheumatology: Pain, Joints, and Autoimmunity

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I just finished my final elective of medical school. I chose Rheumatology because I have such a strong genetic tendency towards this class of diseases, and because it was something I felt under-educated about heading into Internal Medicine.

Rheum itself means “a watery fluid that collects in or drips from the nose or eyes.” Whereas rheumatism is “any disease marked by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or fibrous tissue, especially rheumatoid arthritis” according to online dictionaries. Clearly these two do not match up? Although perhaps one could argue it is the “watery fluid” of the joints that is attacked by immune system dysregulation in most of these conditions, resulting in pain, inflammation and joint destruction. Most of these conditions are also multisystemic, affecting the heart, lungs, kidneys, eyes, skin and more. The umbrella of rheumatology is large: conditions I saw in clinic included rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, psoriatic arthritis, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, pseudogout, gout, and polymyalgia rheumatica. There are of course more that I did not witness.

A large part of patient management involves managing and regulating pain. Opioids are now recognized as crutches inhibiting recovery for many people with long term pain rather than panaceas. Dr Clauw, a pain specialist from Michigan explains this way better than I could, and also addresses several prescription and over the counter medications as well as lifestyle management techniques for living your best life with chronic pain. Watch this YouTube video now, or listen to it while you drive: https://youtu.be/B0EhNajqkdU 

One conversation that came up several times was the use of topicals for pain. Many folks cannot take ibuprofen for pain due to stomach or kidney disease, or are already on long term therapy with prescription strength NSAIDS and still have pain. Voltarin, a topical NSAID was prescribed regularly, specifically for osteoarthritic pain at the base of the thumb with good success.

Many patients use CBD preparations for consistent pain reduction. Some people call cannabiboids “opioid sparing medications” as people can reduce the amount of narcotics needed on a daily basis with the concurrent use of CBD products. The doctors I was working with did not specifically endorse nor did they advise against medical marijuana as Maine is a state where purchase and possession is legal with certification. However, they did support individuals trying topical marijuana preparations of their own initiative for pain management.

The biochemistry of cannabinoids is super interesting if you are into psychoneuroimmunology. This recent article from Naturopathic Doctor News and Review does a pretty good job of outlining the basics of CBD oil as well as some of its politics in reference to mental health. Its use in pain management is multifactoral. There are two main cannabinoid receptors in the human body both of which are relevant to rheumatology and management of chronic inflammatory, neuropathic and mechanical pain. CB1 receptors are found throughout the brain and body and are responsible for most of the psychotropic effects; they are also found on osteocytes (bone) and chondrocytes (cartilage). CB2 receptors are primarily on immune cells  as well as osteo and chondrocytes. The underlying physiology is complex and still being researched extensively but one thing is clear: cannabis-based medications are effecting in reducing chronic pain via their effect on the the endocannabinoid system in humans and altering pain chemical signalling.

As aggressive autoimmune diseases, most of these conditions require sophisticated, high end medications to manage their progression. I saw many cases of men and women who had life changing benefits from DMARDS, or Disease Modifying AntiRheumatic Drugs. My main take home point from this rotation was if one of my patient is newly diagnosed with one of these conditions, REFER! to a rheumatologist as the medications are advanced and specific. My great-grandmother was bed-bound by 40yo with rheumatoid arthritis and she did not have the benefits of science to treat her disease progression. Even tho I am also a Naturopathic Doctor, I have respect for the powerful efficacy of these medications and do believe they improve and maintain quality of life in potentially destructive conditions like these.

On the other hand, medications alone are often not enough to manage and maintain the best health possible. The 2017 textbook I was given for the elective had a small section at the back for complementary and alternative therapies that have good evidence for rheumatology.

  • Vitamin C is an essential component of cartilage and collagen. Supplementation reduced progression of joint and cartilage destruction over time. My Note: Vitamin C is naturally occurring in high levels in many raw fruits and vegetables. This is a great reason to eat fresh raw foods as part of your every day diet with any kind of inflammation or joint disease.
  • Vitamin D is for more than strong bones; it is also a hormone that effects immune health. Countries that have less sunlight year round have higher occurrences of autoimmune disease. Get outside 20 minutes daily minimum all year round, and supplement vitamin D every winter. Have your blood levels tested every fall to ensure optimal levels of this hormone and nutrient.
  • Fish Oil has known anti-inflammatory properties in its EPA component and many brain benefits in its DHA. This rich omega 3 essential fat is best eaten as a meal at least 3 times per week – a tin of sardines, mackerel or herring has way more nutritional value than a couple of fish oil pills and costs so much less. Any seafood will contain fish oil  – the littler the fish, the higher the benefit when it comes to these healthy oils. If you do go for the fish oil pills know that you get what you pay for. Evidence shows you need about 3000mg of fish oil via pills daily for benefit, or at least 450 mg DHA and 750mg EPA. I like Nordic Naturals Brand for best quality and efficacy if you are going to go the pill route. For tinned fish, there are lots of brands, but this is my fave and it’s easy to find in regular grocery stores.
  • Omega 3 oil is also available in vegetarian form as flax seed oil or marine algae oils.

The evidence for a specific kind of diet for autoimmune disease is variable. Dr Jackson referenced the Mediterranean Diet as the best foundational nutritional plan for Lupus specifically. This makes sense as it is a low inflammatory, high fruit, fiber and vegetable diet with known benefits for heart health and longevity.

Many people choose to go paleo, or follow the whole 30 autoimmune diet plan. Phoenix Helix is a podcast dedicated to autoimmune health and paleo nutrition. During my rotation I listened to a great episode with Dr. Aly Cohen, an integrative rheumatologist who spoke on scleroderma and integrative medical management. In addition to reviewing some specific suggestions for scleroderma, Dr. Cohen spoke on the importance of reducing processed food chemicals, pesticides and additives and choosing clean drinking water, not from plastic bottles. As she said, over 90,000 chemicals have been introduced to the ecosystem and therefore the human body in less than 100 years. Autoimmune disease is linked to this toxic burden and inability to process the chemicals. Find out more about her work @thesmarthuman on Twitter and Facebook.

Three weeks of rheumatology clinic was only enough to learn the basics of diagnosis and management, and gave me great respect for my fellow Rheumatologicial internists. Each of the conditions under the Rheumatology umbrella have advanced immune dysregulation and multisystemic consequences with potentially dire outcomes. Fortunately, pharmacology has a class of exceptional medications that work quite well, especially when paired with nutritional initiatives and long term pain management strategies that focus on quality of life. I am grateful to Dr. Stanhope and Dr. Jackson at Central Maine Medical Center Rheumatology Associates for letting me ask too many questions while they were trying to write notes during their busy clinic days – and for the freedom to enjoy afternoon sunshine on my last medical school rotation!

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